Description
This is a PID (Proportional/Integral/Derivative) loop control function block.
It calculates the deviation between the collected data and a setpoint, then feedbacks it as a control result to calculate a new output value. Doing so, the system data reaches or stabilizes near the setpoint. It proves mathematically that in case of stabilization errors or process iterations caused by other control methods, the PID feedback loop can maintain the system stability very well.
Function
This function block can be used in HVAC applications to control variables such as temperature, pressure, flow and speed. It uses three algorithms to adjust the controlled value.
- Proportional: Use the current value to control. It multiplies the proportional gain (Kp) and the deviation between the setpoint and current input, then uses the product to calculate the output of the block. The output is proportional to the deviation. For example, if the proportional band range of a heat controller is 10...20 °C and the setpoint is 20 °C, then the controller outputs 100 % at 10 °C, 50 % at 15 °C, 10 % at 19 °C, and 0 at 20 °C.
- Integral: Use a value over a period to control. It multiplies the integral gain (Ki) and the deviation between the setpoint and input value (constant) over a period, then uses the product to calculate the output of the block. The output is proportional to the deviation. The constant determines the control effect: The smaller the constant, the stronger the control; the greater the constant, the weaker the control.
- Derivative: The first derivative of the error is calculated considering future error and then multiplied by the derivative gain (Kd). Derivative control reacts to changes in the system. The greater the derivative control, the faster the control system reacts.
The PID control block combines the above three control methods. Proportional control makes the control very timely and fast; integration control, taking into account the factors of time accumulation, is able to eliminate deviation and achieve a comparatively ideal control process; derivative control, capable of foreseeing the future trend of the deviation, can produce advanced control effect and improve the dynamic performance of the system. Derivative control cannot be used alone and needs to be combined with the other two controls (P and I) to become a PD or PID controller. The PID control schematic is as follows:
Input
PIN | Description | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Enable | Enables or disables the PID control. | |||
Direct Proportion | Defines the control direction:
| |||
| Xctr---P. | Yctr | ||
Direct proportion | < 0 | 0 % | ||
≥ 0 | 0...100 % | |||
Inverse proportion | > 0 | 0 % | ||
≤ 0 | 0...100 % | |||
Input | Control inputs, normally the measured values obtained by sensors in the system, such as temperature, water level, etc. | |||
Setpoint | The set reference value. The input value can be reached or maintained at the reference value via PID control. | |||
Dead Zone | If the deviation is less than half of the dead zone value [Sp] - [Xctr] < [Nz]/2, after seven program cycles, the control output value remains unchanged until the deviation exceeds the zone.
| |||
Scale Factor | Kp must be greater than 0. Set Kp to adjust the gain effect of the ratio. The larger the value, the greater the gain effect. If the scale factor is set to 0.1, this function block outputs 1/10 of a deviation; If it is set to 100, the output is 100 times the deviation. | |||
Integral Time(s) | Integral control constant. The larger the value, the weaker the integral control; the smaller the value, the stronger the integral control. If it is zero, the integration control does not work. | |||
Differential Time(s) | Derivative control constant. The larger the value, the stronger the derivative control; the smaller the value, the weaker the derivative control. If the value is zero, the derivative control does not work. | |||
Min output Max output | The minimal/maximal value of the output.
| |||
Output
PIN | Description |
|---|---|
PID output | PID control output, a numeric value between 0 and 100. 0 is for system output OFF and 100 for system maximum output. |
Input value
PIN | Data type | Unit | Default value | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Enable | Digital | N/A | N/A | True, false |
Direct Proportion | Digital | N/A | N/A | True, false |
Input | Analog | N/A | N/A | 0...65535 |
Setpoint | Analog | N/A | N/A | |
Dead Zone | Analog | N/A | N/A | |
Scale Factor | Analog | N/A | 10 | |
Integral Time(s) | Analog | Second | 128 | |
Differential Time(s) | Analog | Second | 0 | |
Min output | Analog | % | 0 | 0...100 |
Max output | Analog | % | 100 |
Output value
PIN | Data type | Unit | Default value | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PID output | Analog | % | N/A | 0...100 |
Example 1 Cooling valve control process (direct proportional control)
Use PID to control an analog cooling valve in four-pipe air conditioning unit coil application: When cold water passes through the independent cooling coil, the cooling valve adjusts output proportionally according to the current temperature value and setpoint.
Example 2 Heating valve control process (inverse proportional control)
Use PID to control an analog heating valve in four-pipe air conditioning unit coil application: When hot water passes through the independent heating coil, the heating valve adjusts output counter-proportionally according to the current temperature value and setpoint.
Example 3 Humidifying process (inverse proportional control)
Use PID to control an analog humidification valve and adjust output counter-proportionally according to the current humidity value and setpoint.
Example 4 Cooling valve dehumidification process (direct proportion control)
Use PID to control analog cooling valve in four-pipe air conditioning unit coil application: When cold water passes through the independent cooling coil, the cooling valve adjusts output proportionally according to the current temperature value and setpoint.
Example 5 Fan pressure variable frequency control process (direct proportion control)
Use PID to adjust fan variable frequency according to the setpoint and current values such air pressure and CO2.
